一、MRI原理
将讲解磁共振成像的基本原理和临床应用，包括脑功能成像、扩散张量成像、灌注加权成像和磁共振波谱成像；介绍最新的脑功能成像技术和提高多模态图像质量的方法；从宏观角度对现有分析方法进行归类，并通过举例对其中的常用方法进行讲解，以当前脑科学领域极为活跃的脑网络研究方法为切入点，详尽介绍脑血流网络研究的现状以及和BOLD-fMRI的结合途径。
主要参考文献：
1.Logothetis NK, What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature. 2008 Jun 12; 453(7197):869-78. doi: 10.1038/nature06976.
2.Denis Le Bihan, Heidi Johansen-Berg, Diffusion MRI at 25: Exploring brain tissue structure and function, Neuroimage, 2012, Vol 61, Issue 2, Pages 324-341
3.Peter A. Bandettini, Twenty years of
functional MRI: The science and the stories, Neuroimage, 2012, Volume 62, Issue 2, Pages 575-588
4.Wang, J., Zuo, X., Dai, Z., Xia, M., Zhao, Z., Zhao, X., Jia, J., Han, Y., He, Y., 2013. Disrupted functional brain connectome in individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 73(5), 472-481.
5.Liang, X., Zou, Q., He, Y., Yang, Y., 2013. Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(5), 1929-1934.
二、MRI技术在临床、管理、审美和哲学等领域的应用
众所周知，MRI技术已广泛用于神经、精神科的临床和研究，但近年来不但已经拓展至其他临床科学，而且已经有研究者将该技术应用于管理、审美、甚至爱情体验和哲学等领域。可以说，只要用到人脑的领域都可应用MRI技术进行研究。
该部分首先介绍MRI在严重脑损伤病人，特别是植物病人中的应用。包含3部分：1.刺激诱发的磁共振信号变化与植物病人的脑功能之间的关系。2.通过MRI静息态功能网络测量病人当前的认知功能状态，并对预后进行预测。3.结合其他脑功能成像手段（例如正电子断层扫描技术，PET），以更全面地测量病人的结构和功能损伤。
其次，我们将举例讲解MRI在眼科、消化系统和药物成瘾方面的应用，并介绍一些学者如何应用MRI技术研究与审美、爱情体验、道德两难判断、教育、管理相关的科学问题。
主要参考文献：
1. Pengmin Qin, Haibo Di, Yijun Liu, Senmin Yu, Qiyong Gong, Niall Duncan, Xuchu Weng, Steven Laureys, Georg Northoff. Anterior cingulate activity and the self in disorders of consciousness. Human Brain Mapping. (2010), 12, 1993-2002.
2. Pengmin Qin, Xuehai Wu, Zirui Huang, Niall W Duncan, Weijun Tang, Annemarie Wolff, Jin Hu, Liang Gao, Yi Jin, Xing Wu, Jianfeng Zhang, Lu Lu, Chunping Wu, Xiaoying Qu, Ying Mao, Xuchu Weng, Jun Zhang, Georg Northoff. How are different neural networks related to consciousness? Annals of Neurology, 2015,78(4):594-605.
3. Pengmin Qin, Xuehai wu, Niall Duncan, Weiqi Bao, Weijun Tang, Zhengwei Zhang, Jin Hu, Yi Jin, Xing Wu, Liang Gao, Lu Lu, Yihui Guan, Ying Mao, Georg Northoff. GABAA receptor deficits predict recovery in patients with vegetative state. Human Brain Mapping, 2015, 36(10):3867-77.
4. Peng Zhang, Wen Wen, Xinghuai Sun, and Sheng He. Selective Reduction of fMRI Responses to Transient Achromatic Stimuli in the Magnocellular Layers of the LGN and the Superficial Layer of the SC Of Early Glaucoma Patients. Human Brain Mapping. 2016, 37:558–569.
5. Kun Wang, Liping Duan, Xiangzhu Zeng, Jianyu Liu, Weng Xuchu. Differences in cerebral response to esophageal acid stimuli and psychological anticipation in GERD subtypes-An fMRI study. BMC Gastroenterology 2011, 11(28): 1-11.
6.Fulvia Castelli, Daniel E. Glaser, Brian Butterworth. Discrete and analogue quantity processing in the parietal lobe: A functional MRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103: 4693–4698.
7. Alexander Genevsky, Carolyn Yoon, Brian Knutson. When Brain Beats Behavior: Neuroforecasting Crowdfunding Outcomes. Journal of Neuroscience. 2017, 37: 8625– 8634.
8. Ping Huang, Hanhua Huang, Qiuling Luo, Lei Mo. The Difference between Aesthetic Appreciation of Artistic and Popular Music:Evidence from an fMRI Study. PLoS One. 2016, 11(11): e0165377. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165377.
9. Xiaomeng Xu, Arthur Aron, Lucy Brown, Guikang Cao, Tingyong Feng, Xuchu Weng. Reward and Motivation Systems: A Brain Mapping Study of Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love in Chinese Participants. Human Brain Mapping. 2011, 32:249–257.
10. Tatia M.C. Lee, Wenhua Zhou, Xiaojing Luo, Kenneth S.L. Yuen, Xinzhong Ruane, Xuchu Weng. Neural activity associated with cognitive regulation in heroin users: A fMRI study. Neuroscience Letters 2005, 382: 211–216.
11. Yi Yuan, Zude Zhu, Jinfu Shi, Zhiling Zou, Fei Yuan, Yijun Liu, Tatia M.C. Lee, Xuchu Weng. Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals. Brain and Cognition 2009, 71: 223–228.
12. Joshua D. Greene R. Brian Sommerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, Jonathan D. Cohen1. An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment. Science. 2001, 293: 2015-2018.
三、fMRI在认知心理学中的应用示例
由于fMRI可提供有效（毫米甚至亚毫米的空间分辨率）无创检测人脑不同区域活动程度的手段，因此在认知心理学实验中，既可用来定位被试在完成某种认知任务（如知觉、运动、学习、语言、记忆等）时大脑中活动增高的主要区域；也可用来验证心理学理论假设，揭示认知过程的机制。本部分主要通过具体研究举例讲解fMRI在认知科学研究中的应用。内容包括：
1.探索性研究:寻找功能区 (mapping)
2.机制性研究:Region-Of-Interest (ROI)-based 假设验证，fMRI-Adaptation
3.单变量平均信号强度 vs. 多变量空间反应模式的不同意义
4.多种方式测量不同脑区之间的功能联结关系
5.个案分析 (case studies)
6.基于体素水平的脑损伤与行为关联分析技术（Voxel-based Lesion-symptom Mapping，VLSM）
主要参考文献：
Exploratory Research:
Atherton, M., Zhuang, J., Bart, W., Hu, X., & He, S. (2003). A functional MRI study of high-level cognition I: The game of chess. Cognitive Brain Research, 16 (1), 26-31.
Chen, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Meng, X., He, S., & Hu, X. (2003). A functional MRI study of high-level cognition II: The game of GO. Cognitive Brain Research, 16 (1), 32-37
ROI-based Investigation:
He, S., Cohen, E.R., & Hu, X. (1998) Close correlation between activity in brain area MT/V5 and the perception of a visual motion Aftereffect. Current Biology, 8 (2226), 1215-1218.
Jiang Y & He S (2006). Cortical responses to invisible faces: Dissociating different neural subsystems for facial information processing. Current Biology. 16(20), 2023-2029.
Fang F, He S. (2005). Cortical responses to invisible objects in the human dorsal and ventral pathways. Nature Neuroscience. 8(10):1380-5.
fMRI-Adaptation:
Fang F, Murray SO, & He S. (2006). Duration-Dependent fMRI Adaptation and Distributed Viewer-Centered Face Representation in Human Visual Cortex.
Spatial Patterns of fMRI activation (MVPA):
Ma L, Jiang Y, Bai J, Gong Q, Liu H, Chen HC, He S, Weng X. (2011) Robust and task-independent spatial profile of the visual word form activation in fusiform cortex. PLoS One. 6(10):e26310.
Liu H, Jiang Y, Zhang B, Ma L, He S, Weng X. (2013). The orthographic sensitivity to written Chinese in the occipital-temporal cortex. Exp Brain Res. 227(3):387-96.
Functional relationship between ROIs:
Shao H, Weng X, He S. (2017). Functional organization of the face-sensitive areas in human occipital-temporal cortex. Neuroimage. 157:129-143.
Case Studies:
Yi W, Wu T, Chen W, Yuan TF, Luo B, Shan C, Li J, He S, Weng X. (2014). Left hemiparalexia of Chinese characters: neglect dyslexia or disruption of pathway of visual word form processing? Brain Struct Funct. 219(1):283-92
Cheung, S., Fang, F., He, S., & Legge, G (2009). Retinotopically specific reorganization of visual cortex for tactile pattern recognition. Current Biology, 19(7):596-601.
VLSM
Daniel Mirman, Qi Chen, Yongsheng Zhang, Ze Wang, Olufunsho K. Faseyitan, H. Branch Coslett & Myrna F. Schwartz. Neural organization of spoken language revealed by lesion–symptom mapping. Nature Communications, 2015. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7762.
Qi Chen, Erica Middleton, Daniel Mirman. Lesion-symptom mapping of omission errors in post-stroke aphasia. Journal of Neuropsychology, submitted.
四、MR动脉自旋标记普及讲座
（一）ASL功能磁共振简介
动脉血自旋标记（Arterial Spin Labeling，ASL）是利用射频无线电波去改变动脉血中的水分子的磁共振信号状态，将它变成可以自由弥散的内源性示踪剂从而测量脑血流（灌注）的无创无注射无放射性的磁共振技术。改变水的磁共振信号过程称为标记。标记好的动脉水随动脉血流到成像区域以后通过毛细血管壁很快与组织细胞进行血氧交换进入组织中，由于这部分交换后的水分子信号与原来的水分子信号不同，导致脑组织的总体磁共振信号发生变化，这部分变化主要是通过组织的磁共振信号纵向弛豫时间（T1）来体现，具体表现为所采集的磁共振图像的像素值会出现与灌注量成正比的变化。通过比较标记和没有标记动脉血时采集的图像的差值就可以得到比较干净的只含与灌注相关的信号改变量。这些改变量通过相应的模型就可以转化成所需要测量的绝对脑血流值，完成最终量化测量过程。
动脉自旋标记根据其标记方式不同可以分为了三类：连续式自旋标记（continuous arterial spin labeling, CASL），脉冲式自旋标记（pulsed arterial spin labeling, PASL）和速度选择式自旋标记。前两种最为常见，应用最为广泛。
ASL FMRI直接利用动脉血中的水质子作为示踪剂，具有无创性和良好的重复性。与BOLD信号相比，ASL fMRI具有更好的空间定位和脑活动量化，直接反映不同状态或者任务前后的CBF水平，其物理意义明显；而BOLD信号的物理意义复杂，其反映的是脑血流、耗氧量和脑血量的综合指标。
（二）ASL磁共振技术的应用
ASL fMRI技术可用于考察认知任务的脑机制、不同状态下的脑神经活动，以及不同群体间的神经活动差异等研究，该技术如今被广泛应用于脑功能病变（如阿尔兹海默症）和认知神经科学（如睡眠研究）等领域中。
主要参考文献：
Ze Wang, Geoffrey Aguirre, Hengyi Rao, JiongJ Wang, Anna R. Childress, John A. Detre, Empirical optimization of ASL data analysis using an ASL data processing toolbox: ASLtbx, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2008, 26(2):261-9.
Ze Wang, Myles Faith, Freda Patterson, Kathy Tang, Kia Kerrin, E. Paul Wileyto, John A. Detre & Caryn Lerman. Neural Substrates of Abstinence-Induced Cigarette Cravings in Chronic Smokers. Journal of Neuroscience, 2007, 27 (51) :14035-14040.
Ze Wang, Improving Cerebral Blood Flow Quantification for Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI by Removing Residual Motion Artifacts and Global Signal Fluctuations Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29 (9):1288-303, 2011.
Aguirre GK, Detre JA, Zarahn E & Alsop DC. Experimental design and the relative sensitivity of BOLD and perfusion fMRI. NeuroImage,2002,15(3):488-500.